Q101. What is the difference between Verification and Validation in Software Testing?
Answer:
- Verification ensures the product is being built correctly. It involves static analysis like reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections.
“Are we building the product right?” - Validation ensures the correct product is being built. It includes dynamic testing techniques such as functional, integration, and system testing.
“Are we building the right product?”
Q102. Describe your experience implementing a Test Harness.
Answer: A test harness automates the testing process by integrating stubs and drivers to simulate modules. It helps in:
- Installing applications in test environments
- Providing test inputs
- Simulating module behavior for testing dependent components
Q103. How do you decide whether to automate a test case or not?
Answer: Consider time, budget, and ROI. Automate when:
- Test cases are repetitive (e.g., regression)
- Accuracy is critical (load/UI testing)
- Test data is stable and unlikely to change often
Q104. Where do you see yourself in 5 years within QA?
Answer: In a managerial or client-facing role, overseeing end-to-end test strategies and driving quality initiatives. My goal is to grow into a Senior QA Manager role, contributing to both team leadership and client satisfaction.
Q105. Differentiate Unit, Integration, and System Testing.
Answer:
- Unit Testing: Done by developers for individual components.
- Integration Testing: Ensures components work together. Done by testers.
- System Testing: Validates the complete application against requirements.
Q106. What is IEEE and its relevance to QA?
Answer: IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It sets global standards for software quality, documentation, and test processes, helping QA ensure industry compliance.
Q107. What is QA’s primary role in software development?
Answer: QA ensures defect-free, high-quality software that meets customer requirements through effective planning, execution, and improvement of testing processes.
Q108. How do you approach building a Test Team?
Answer: Consider:
- Project complexity
- Timeline and test scope
- Required skill levels
- Allocation of manual vs. automation testers
Q109. Do you need to retest the entire application if one module changes?
Answer: Only if the module is interdependent. For independent modules, localized testing is sufficient. Otherwise, conduct impact analysis and run regression tests.
Q110. What are ISO standards and why do they matter?
Answer: ISO standards like ISO 9001 define quality management frameworks for ensuring consistent processes. They guide QA in maintaining documentation, audits, and process improvements.
Q111. What is the Waterfall model and when is it suitable?
Answer: The Waterfall model is a linear SDLC approach. It’s best for small-scale, well-defined projects with fixed requirements. It’s less adaptable to change than Agile or Spiral.
Q112. What is Migration Testing?
Answer: Migration Testing validates data and feature consistency when upgrading applications or switching platforms, ensuring that legacy data is accurately moved and functionality is intact.
Q113a. Define key testing terminologies.
Answer:
- Error: Human mistake
- Fault: Error in code
- Failure: Deviation from expected behavior
- Reliability: Probability of failure-free operation under specified conditions
Q113b. Why is Testing Necessary?
Answer: To uncover bugs early, reduce post-release costs, and ensure software reliability. It prevents failures in production and improves overall customer trust and product value.
Q114. What is User Acceptance Testing (UAT)?
Answer: UAT is the final phase where end-users validate if the software meets business requirements before release. It ensures real-world usability and readiness for production.
Q115. How do you check tool compatibility with your system?
Answer: Analyze:
- Technology stack compatibility (e.g., Java, Oracle, .NET)
- 3rd-party integrations
- Type of testing (functional, performance, UI) Conduct proof-of-concept (PoC) with shortlisted tools like Selenium, LoadRunner, or JMeter.
Q116. What is the difference between Test Strategy and Test Plan?
Answer:
- Test Strategy: High-level approach/framework for testing aligned with business goals.
- Test Plan: Detailed document outlining scope, schedule, environment, tools, and responsibilities.
Q117. What is a Test Scenario?
Answer: A test scenario is an end-to-end business flow comprising multiple test cases. It validates real-world usage rather than just isolated functions.
Q118. Compare White-box, Gray-box, and Black-box Testing.
Answer:
- Black-box: Test without code knowledge (UI/functionality testing)
- White-box: Test with full code access (unit/code coverage testing)
- Gray-box: Partial code knowledge for targeted functional testing
Q119. What is the difference between Structural and Behavioral Testing?
Answer:
- Structural Testing (White-box): Tests internal logic and code structure
- Behavioral Testing (Black-box): Tests external behavior without looking at the code
Q120. How does Unit Testing impact the software lifecycle?
Answer: Early bug detection through unit testing reduces defect leakage to later stages, saves debugging time, and improves software reliability. It forms the base for robust integration.
Q121. Why did you choose Software Testing as a career?
Answer: QA plays a vital role in delivering high-quality applications. It allows me to work across domains, continuously learn new technologies, and ensure user satisfaction through quality control.
